European Venture On Way to Red Planet

The European Mars Express space probe has been placed successfully in a trajectory that will take it beyond the terrestrial environment and on the way to Mars; it will arrive in late December.

This first European Space Agency probe to head for another planet will enter an orbit around Mars, whence it will perform detailed studies of the planet’s surface, its subsurface structures and its atmosphere. It will also deploy Beagle 2, a small autonomous station which will land on the planet, studying its surface and looking for possible signs of life, past or present.

The probe, weighing in at 1,120 kg (about 2500 pounds), was built on ESA’s behalf by a European team led by Astrium. It set out on its journey to Mars aboard a Soyuz-Fregat launcher, under Starsem operational management. The launcher lifted off from Baïkonur, in Kazakhstan, Monday night, a quarter before midnight, local time (17:45 Zulu). An interim orbit around the Earth was reached following a first firing of the Fregat upper stage. One hour and thirty-two minutes later, the probe was injected into its interplanetary orbit.

Contact with Mars Express was established by ESOC

"Europe is on its way to Mars to stake its claim in the most detailed and complete exploration ever done of the Red Planet. We can be very proud of this and of the speed with which have achieved this goal," said David Southwood, ESA's Director of Science, after witnessing the launch from Baikonur. Contact with Mars Express has been established by ESOC, ESA’s satellite control center, located in Darmstadt, Germany.

The probe is pointing correctly towards the Sun and has deployed its solar panels. All on-board systems are, the agency says, "operating faultlessly." On Wednesday, the probe will perform a corrective maneuver that will place it in a Mars-bound trajectory, while the Fregat stage, trailing behind, will vanish into space – there will be no risk of its crashing into (contaminating) the Red Planet.

Mars Express will then travel away from Earth at a speed exceeding 30 km/s (3 km/s in relation to the Earth), on a six-month and 400-million kilometer journey through the solar system. Once all payload operations have been checked out, the probe will be largely deactivated. During this period, the spacecraft will contact Earth only once a day. Mid-journey correction of its trajectory is scheduled for September.

Beagle 2 lander leaving the Mars Express orbiter

Following reactivation of its systems at the end of November, Mars Express will get ready to release Beagle 2. The 60 kg capsule containing the tiny lander does not incorporate its own propulsion and steering system and will be released into a collision trajectory with Mars, five days before Christmas. It will enter the Martian atmosphere on Christmas day.

As it descends, the lander will be protected in the first instance by a heat shield; two parachutes will then open to provide further deceleration. With its weight down to 30 kg at most, it will land in an equatorial region known as Isidis Planitia. Three airbags will soften the final impact. This crucial phase in the mission will last just ten minutes, from entry into the atmosphere to landing.

Meanwhile, the Mars Express probe itself will have performed a series of maneuvers through to a capture orbit. At this point its main motor will fire, providing the deceleration needed to acquire a highly-elliptical transition orbit. Attaining the final operational orbit will call for four more firings. This 7.5 hour quasi-polar orbit will take the probe to within 250 km of the planet.

Having landed on Mars, Beagle 2 (named after HMS Beagle, on which Charles Darwin voyaged round the world) will deploy its solar panels and the payload adjustable workbench ("PAW"), a set of instruments (two cameras, a microscope and two spectrometers) mounted on the end of a robot arm.

It will proceed to explore its new environment, gathering geological and mineralogical data that should, for the first time, allow rock samples to be dated with reasonable accuracy. Using a grinder and corer, and the "mole" (a wire-guided mini-robot able to borrow its way under rocks and dig the ground to a depth of six and a half feet), samples will be collected and then examined in the GAP automated mini-laboratory, equipped with 12 furnaces and a mass spectrometer. The spectrometer will have the job of detecting possible signs of life and dating rock samples.

The Mars Express orbiter will carry out a detailed investigation of the planet, pointing its instruments at Mars for between half-an-hour and an hour per orbit and then, for the remainder of the time, at Earth to relay the information collected in this way and the data transmitted by Beagle 2.

The orbiter’s seven on-board instruments are expected to provide considerable information about the structure and evolution of Mars. A very high resolution stereo camera, the HRSC, will perform comprehensive mapping of the planet at 10 meters resolution and will even be capable of photographing some areas to a precision of barely 2 meters. The OMEGA spectrometer will draw up the first mineralogical map of the planet to 100-meter precision.

The orbiter mission should last at least one Martian year (687 days), while Beagle 2 is expected to operate on the planet’s surface for 180 days. This first European mission to Mars incorporates some of the objectives of the Euro-Russian Mars 96 mission, which came to grief when the Proton launcher failed. And indeed a Russian partner is cooperating on each of the orbiter’s instruments.

Mars Express forms part of an international Mars exploration program, featuring also the US probes Mars Surveyor and Mars Odyssey, the two Mars Exploration Rovers and the Japanese probe Nozomi. Mars Express may perhaps, within this partnership, relay data from the NASA rovers while Mars Odyssey may, if required, relay data from Beagle 2.

The mission’s scientific goals are of outstanding importance. Mars Express will, it is hoped, supply answers to the many questions raised by earlier missions – questions concerning the planet’s evolution, the history of its internal activity, the presence of water below its surface, the possibility that Mars may at one time have been covered by oceans and thus have offered an environment conducive to the emergence of some form of life, and even the possibility that life may still be present, somewhere in putative subterranean aquifers. In addition, the lander's doing direct analysis of the soil and the environment comprises a truly unique mission.

Next: Venus, 2005.

FMI: www.marstoday.com; www.esa.int